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are connected with drunkenness. Soviet policy-making.
The extremely unsatisfactory state of military disci-
pline in many units and formations of the army, and
Mark Kramer is a senior associate at the Davis Center for
especially in the navy, prevents troops from being
Russian Studies, Harvard University, and the director of
maintained at a high level of combat readiness and
the Harvard Project on Cold War Studies.
undermines efforts to strengthen the Armed Forces.95
1
The materials at RTsKhIDNI for Central Committee plenums from
1918 to 1941 are stored in Opis 2 of Fond 17. Unlike at TsKhSD,
The standards used by Zhukov and Sokolovskii may
the items at RTsKhIDNI do not constitute a separate fond.
have been a good deal higher than those used today, and
2 In the Soviet/Russian archival lexicon, the word opis refers both to
the pervasiveness of unsavory phenomena is undoubt-
a segment of a fond and to the finding aid or catalog that specifies
edly greater now than it was then. Some of these problems
what is contained in that segment.
3 Perechen dokumentov Arkhiva Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii,
had been known earlier from the testimony of emigres/
defectors and occasional articles in the Soviet press.96 Tsentra khraneniya sovremennoi dokumentatsii, Rossiiskogo tsentra
khraneniya i izucheniya dokumentov noveishei istorii, Tsentra
Nevertheless, it is striking (and comforting) to see that
khraneniya dokumentov molodezhnykh organizatsii,
dissatisfaction about the state of military discipline was
rassekrechennykh Komissiei po rassekrechivaniyu dokumentov,
nearly as great in Moscow some 40-45 years ago as it is
sozdannykh KPSS, v 1994-1995, Moscow, 1996. A slightly
today.
abridged version of this list was published in Novaya i noveishaya
istoriya (Moscow), No. 3 (May-June 1996), pp. 249-253.
4 Conversation in Moscow between the author and Natal ya
Concluding Observations
Tomilina, director of TsKhSD, 14 July 1997. This was not the only
This overview of the structure, context, and content of
aspect of the commission s report that was highly misleading. The
declassified materials from Central Committee plenums
report contains fond and opis numbers of collections that supposedly
shows both the limitations and the potential value of these
have been declassified, but it fails to mention that a large number
documents. So long as scholars bear in mind that the
of dela in many of these opisi are in fact still classified. For
example, the commission s list of declassified documents includes
Central Committee was not a decision-making body and
Opis 128 of Fond 17 at RTsKhIDNI, which is divided into two
that the plenums were carefully managed by top CPSU
volumes. One would expect, based on this listing, that all documents
officials for their own purposes, the documents can yield a
from both volumes of the opis would be freely accessible, but it
good deal of useful information. Some of the materials
turns out that the entire second volume, amounting to 504 dela, is
provide fresh insights into key trends and events, including
still classified, and even in the first volume only some of the 702 dela
domestic changes in the Soviet Union and important are actually available to researchers. (The only way to determine
which files in the first volume are really declassified is to ask the
episodes from the Cold War. Other documents are
head of the RTsKhIDNI reading room before submitting a request.)
important mainly because of what they reveal about the
Similarly, at TsKhSD only a small fraction of the dela in many of the
manipulation of the plenums by senior officials. One of
purportedly declassified collections are genuinely accessible. Even
the most salient features of the plenums during the first
when files at TsKhSD are nominally declassified, they may still be
five years after Stalin s death was the spillover from the
off limits because they supposedly contain personal secrets
(lichnye tainy), which have to be processed by an entirely separate
leadership struggle. Even when the plenums were
commission. Because of the barriers posed by classified files and
supposed to focus on crucial domestic or foreign issues,
files that allegedly contain personal secrets, very few files from some
the divisions among top leaders had a far-reaching effect
of the declassified opisi at TsKhSD are actually given out. (This
on the proceedings. By the late 1950s, after Khrushchev
problem is compounded when, as in the case of Opisi 22 and 28 of
had dislodged his major rivals and consolidated his
Fond 5 at TsKhSD, only the film reels are lent out. If one delo on a
position as CPSU First Secretary, the plenums increasingly
reel is proscribed, all other dela on the reel are also off limits unless a
researcher can convince the archivists to have a staff member serve
were devoted to the growing rift between the Soviet Union
as a monitor for several hours while the researcher uses the
and China. This theme continued even after Khrushchev
permitted dela on the reel.)
was unexpectedly removed in 1964.
5 5 May 1941 (Delo 1a); 10 October 1941 (Delo 2); 27 January
The plenum materials cover only selected portions of
1944 (Dela 3-5); 11, 14, and 18 March 1946 (Dela 6-8); 21, 22, 24,
Soviet history and Soviet foreign policy. Many topics
and 26 February 1947 (Dela 9-20); 16 October 1952 (Dela 21-22); 5
were barely considered at all by the Central Committee. March 1953 (Dela 23-24); 14 March 1953 (Dela 25-26); 2-7 July
1953 (Dela 27-45); 3-7 September 1953 (Dela 46-61); 23 February-
The plenum documents are no substitute for the vastly
2 March 1954 (Dela 62-89); 21-24 June 1954 (Dela 90-109); 25-31
more important and far more voluminous records of the
January 1955 (Dela 110-138); 4-12 July 1955 (Dela 139-180); 13
supreme decision-making body in the Soviet Union, the
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 23
February 1956 (Dela 181-184); 27 February 1956 (Dela 185-187); scholars such as Merle Fainsod and Leonard Schapiro.
14 On this general problem, see Mark Kramer, Archival Research in
22 June 1956 (Delo 188); 20-24 December 1956 (Dela 189-208);
13-14 February 1957 (Dela 209-221); 22-29 June 1957 (Dela 222- Moscow: Progress and Pitfalls, Cold War International History
259); 28-29 October 1957 (Dela 260-272); 16-17 December 1957 Bulletin, Issue No. 3 (Fall 1993), p. 34.
15 For an analysis and translation of these notes and supplementary
(Dela 273-284); 25-26 February 1958 (Dela 285-298); 26 March
1958 (Dela 319-327); 6-7 May 1958 (Dela 304-318); 17-18 June materials, see Mark Kramer, Special Feature: New Evidence on
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